射血分数保留的心力衰竭—HFpEF的治疗(24年心衰指南)

2025-04-29 心血管时间 心血管时间 发表于陕西省

射血分数保留的心力衰竭(HFpEF)有独特诊断标准,治疗与射血分数降低的心衰(HFrEF)不同,以利尿剂和 SGLT2 抑制剂为主,需重视合并症管理、生活方式干预,综合管理、多学科协作是关键。

在日常门诊中,我们经常会碰到这样一类病人:他们有明显的心衰症状和体征,但是心脏超声显示左心室射血分数正常。这就是我们今天要讨论的主题 - 射血分数保留的心力衰竭(HFpEF)。

HFpEF的诊断标准

对于这类患者,最大的难点在于理解为什么左心室射血分数是正常的,却还是诊断了心衰?这里就需要回到射血分数保留心衰的具体定义和诊断标准。

图片

在HFpEF中,主要问题不是收缩功能障碍,而是左心室舒张功能障碍和左心室充盈压升高。这些患者的左心室变得僵硬,舒张期顺应性下降,导致左心室充盈受限和左房压力升高。

尽管心脏能够正常收缩(因此射血分数正常),但舒张功能障碍使得心脏无法有效地充盈血液,结果仍会引起肺淤血和体循环淤血等心衰症状。

根据《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南2024》,诊断HFpEF需要符合三条标准:

  1. 存在心衰的症状和(或)体征

  2. 左心室射血分数(LVEF)≥50%

  3. 存在左心室结构或舒张功能障碍的客观证据,以及与之相符合的左心室舒张功能障碍/左心室充盈压升高

同时需要排除患者症状是由非心脏疾病所致。

临床经验提示:在诊断不明确时,负荷超声心动图或有创血流动力学检查明确左心室充盈压是否升高是非常必要的,单纯依靠静息状态下的常规超声心动图往往不足以确诊HFpEF。

HFpEF的治疗策略

明确了诊断后,我们需要关注HFpEF的治疗方案,它与射血分数降低的心衰(HFrEF)有很大不同。

药物治疗

2024版心衰指南中推荐的HFpEF药物治疗策略包括:

  1. 利尿剂:推荐有液体潴留的HFpEF患者使用利尿剂(Ⅰ,C)

  2. SGLT2抑制剂:推荐HFpEF患者使用SGLT2抑制剂降低心衰住院或心血管死亡复合终点风险(Ⅰ,A)

值得注意的是,很多在HFrEF患者中证实有效的药物,对HFpEF却效果有限:

  • ACEI/ARB/ARNI:未能证实降低HFpEF患者病死率和心衰住院风险

  • MRA(如螺内酯):TOPCAT研究显示,螺内酯未能降低HFpEF患者心血管死亡、心脏骤停和心衰住院的复合终点,但可使心衰住院风险降低17%

  • β受体阻滞剂:不推荐常规使用,除非有适应证

  • 伊伐布雷定、外源性硝酸盐和5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂:不推荐常规使用(Ⅲ,B)

图片

EMPEROR-Preserved和DELIVER研究结果显示,SGLT2抑制剂(恩格列净和达格列净)可使HFpEF患者的心衰住院或心血管死亡复合终点风险分别降低21%和18%,但对心血管死亡或全因死亡无显著影响。

循证医学聚焦:EMPEROR-Preserved研究(2021年发表于NEJM)是一项包含5988名HFpEF患者的随机对照试验,结果显示恩格列净使心衰住院或心血管死亡复合终点风险降低21%,其中心衰住院减少29%,但心血管死亡无显著减少。

合并症管理

HFpEF患者的病理生理机制差异较大,主要是因为基础心血管疾病和合并症的不同。2024版心衰指南特别强调,对HFpEF患者进行心血管疾病和非心血管疾病合并症的筛查及评估,并给予相应的治疗和管理,是改善症状及预后的关键策略(Ⅰ,C)。

常见的合并症包括:

  • 心血管疾病:房颤、高血压、冠心病、肺高血压、心肌病

  • 非心血管疾病:肥胖、糖尿病、慢性肾脏病、睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等

图片

临床经验提示:对HFpEF患者的治疗不能只局限于心衰本身,更要重视患者的基础疾病和合并症的管理。我经常发现,有效控制高血压、改善血糖控制、治疗睡眠呼吸暂停等措施,对改善HFpEF患者的症状和预后甚至比单纯的心衰治疗更为重要。

HFpEF的综合管理策略

根据2023年ACC射血分数保留的心力衰竭管理专家共识决策路径,HFpEF的管理应包括以下几个方面:

  1. 多学科管理:HFpEF患者应由包括初级保健、心脏病学和心衰专家在内的多学科团队共同管理

  2. 评分系统应用:可使用H₂FPEF和HFA-PEFF两个评分系统来估计HFpEF的概率

  3. 合并症管理

    • 高血压:最佳收缩压控制目标为<130 mmHg

    • 糖尿病:SGLT2抑制剂是合并糖尿病的HFpEF患者的一线药物

    • 房颤:应根据CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分考虑抗凝治疗

    • 睡眠呼吸暂停:建议进行多导睡眠图检测

  4. 生活方式干预:强调饮食和锻炼等生活方式改变的重要性,心脏康复可以改善HFpEF的功能状态

循证医学聚焦:2023年ACC HFpEF专家共识路径推荐对所有HFpEF患者都应开始使用SGLT2抑制剂(若无禁忌证),理想的情况是在住院期间病情稳定后启用。

特殊人群的HFpEF管理

值得注意的是,HFpEF在不同人群中表现存在差异:

  • 肥胖患者:利钠肽水平可能较低,需高度怀疑HFpEF

  • 女性患者:呼吸困难症状较多,超声心动图显示向心性重塑更多、舒张期僵硬度更大、左心室体积更小、射血分数更高,50%-55%的射血分数在女性中可能已属异常

结语

HFpEF的治疗与HFrEF有显著不同,需要更加注重合并症的管理和生活方式干预。目前循证医学证据支持利尿剂和SGLT2抑制剂为主要药物治疗策略,而其他曾在HFrEF中证实有效的药物在HFpEF中效果有限。综合管理策略、多学科协作和个体化治疗方案是提高HFpEF患者预后的关键。

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    2025-04-30 Dew·

    感谢您的分享

    0

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    2025-04-30 baiwenxiu_6586 来自山西省

    在HFpEF中,主要问题不是收缩功能障碍,而是左心室舒张功能障碍和左心室充盈压升高。这些患者的左心室变得僵硬,舒张期顺应性下降,导致左心室充盈受限和左房压力升高。

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262796, encodeId=e8bf2262e96bc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=354691625f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断标准#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=a206113555b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#射血分数保留的心力衰竭#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=113555, encryptionId=a206113555b4, topicName=射血分数保留的心力衰竭), TopicDto(id=91625, encryptionId=354691625f1, topicName=诊断标准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cade5395722, createdName=梅斯管理员, createdTime=Tue Apr 29 23:51:34 CST 2025, time=2025-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=陕西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262822, encodeId=70c32262822fc, content=感谢您的分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/202403/dc7b735700e1458a81dbbd2418ed68be-WBVuUZqXzOAb.jpg, createdBy=c6d55463285, createdName=Dew·, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 00:10:16 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262863, encodeId=e4a5226286314, content=在HFpEF中,主要问题不是收缩功能障碍,而是左心室舒张功能障碍和左心室充盈压升高。这些患者的左心室变得僵硬,舒张期顺应性下降,导致左心室充盈受限和左房压力升高。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=abb76152142, createdName=baiwenxiu_6586, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 09:09:10 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=山西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262852, encodeId=96fd22628528c, content= 不回家哦哦男男女女 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220814/be36b1918b4c4eeba48ae6c167571ce9/3bd4e17f256d4fdba54abc66bb0f616c.jpg, createdBy=a4042044999, createdName=jiangwei200908, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 06:49:20 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=上海), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262846, encodeId=6b29226284694, content=他们有明显的心衰症状和体征,但是心脏超声显示左心室射血分数正常。这就是我们今天要讨论的主题 - 射血分数保留的心力衰竭(HFpEF)。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210925/20274508595745adb221d4af84f71a30/44cac845ab1e4a3a81ff3fe6373b97b0.jpg, createdBy=2a601767050, createdName=Mongolian, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 05:57:16 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=内蒙古), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262835, encodeId=ba902262835f1, content=射血分数保留的心力衰竭治疗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20c53431821, createdName=13013f32m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 01:42:09 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省)]
    2025-04-30 jiangwei200908 来自上海

    不回家哦哦男男女女

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262796, encodeId=e8bf2262e96bc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=354691625f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断标准#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=a206113555b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#射血分数保留的心力衰竭#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=113555, encryptionId=a206113555b4, topicName=射血分数保留的心力衰竭), TopicDto(id=91625, encryptionId=354691625f1, topicName=诊断标准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cade5395722, createdName=梅斯管理员, createdTime=Tue Apr 29 23:51:34 CST 2025, time=2025-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=陕西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262822, encodeId=70c32262822fc, content=感谢您的分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/202403/dc7b735700e1458a81dbbd2418ed68be-WBVuUZqXzOAb.jpg, createdBy=c6d55463285, createdName=Dew·, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 00:10:16 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262863, encodeId=e4a5226286314, content=在HFpEF中,主要问题不是收缩功能障碍,而是左心室舒张功能障碍和左心室充盈压升高。这些患者的左心室变得僵硬,舒张期顺应性下降,导致左心室充盈受限和左房压力升高。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=abb76152142, createdName=baiwenxiu_6586, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 09:09:10 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=山西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262852, encodeId=96fd22628528c, content= 不回家哦哦男男女女 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220814/be36b1918b4c4eeba48ae6c167571ce9/3bd4e17f256d4fdba54abc66bb0f616c.jpg, createdBy=a4042044999, createdName=jiangwei200908, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 06:49:20 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=上海), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262846, encodeId=6b29226284694, content=他们有明显的心衰症状和体征,但是心脏超声显示左心室射血分数正常。这就是我们今天要讨论的主题 - 射血分数保留的心力衰竭(HFpEF)。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210925/20274508595745adb221d4af84f71a30/44cac845ab1e4a3a81ff3fe6373b97b0.jpg, createdBy=2a601767050, createdName=Mongolian, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 05:57:16 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=内蒙古), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262835, encodeId=ba902262835f1, content=射血分数保留的心力衰竭治疗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20c53431821, createdName=13013f32m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 01:42:09 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省)]
    2025-04-30 Mongolian 来自内蒙古

    他们有明显的心衰症状和体征,但是心脏超声显示左心室射血分数正常。这就是我们今天要讨论的主题 - 射血分数保留的心力衰竭(HFpEF)。

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262796, encodeId=e8bf2262e96bc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=354691625f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断标准#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=a206113555b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#射血分数保留的心力衰竭#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=113555, encryptionId=a206113555b4, topicName=射血分数保留的心力衰竭), TopicDto(id=91625, encryptionId=354691625f1, topicName=诊断标准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cade5395722, createdName=梅斯管理员, createdTime=Tue Apr 29 23:51:34 CST 2025, time=2025-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=陕西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262822, encodeId=70c32262822fc, content=感谢您的分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/202403/dc7b735700e1458a81dbbd2418ed68be-WBVuUZqXzOAb.jpg, createdBy=c6d55463285, createdName=Dew·, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 00:10:16 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262863, encodeId=e4a5226286314, content=在HFpEF中,主要问题不是收缩功能障碍,而是左心室舒张功能障碍和左心室充盈压升高。这些患者的左心室变得僵硬,舒张期顺应性下降,导致左心室充盈受限和左房压力升高。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=abb76152142, createdName=baiwenxiu_6586, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 09:09:10 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=山西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262852, encodeId=96fd22628528c, content= 不回家哦哦男男女女 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220814/be36b1918b4c4eeba48ae6c167571ce9/3bd4e17f256d4fdba54abc66bb0f616c.jpg, createdBy=a4042044999, createdName=jiangwei200908, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 06:49:20 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=上海), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262846, encodeId=6b29226284694, content=他们有明显的心衰症状和体征,但是心脏超声显示左心室射血分数正常。这就是我们今天要讨论的主题 - 射血分数保留的心力衰竭(HFpEF)。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210925/20274508595745adb221d4af84f71a30/44cac845ab1e4a3a81ff3fe6373b97b0.jpg, createdBy=2a601767050, createdName=Mongolian, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 05:57:16 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=内蒙古), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2262835, encodeId=ba902262835f1, content=射血分数保留的心力衰竭治疗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20c53431821, createdName=13013f32m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 30 01:42:09 CST 2025, time=2025-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省)]
    2025-04-30 13013f32m56暂无昵称 来自河北省

    射血分数保留的心力衰竭治疗

    0

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